초록
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Paper mill sludge (PMS) can be efficiently utilized to produce fuels and chemicals. However, wastewater is usually generated during the de-ashing step of the PMS for fibrous materials recovery. Per process requirements, the wastewater stream must be treated which results in an increase in the overall process production cost. Therefore, this research aims at reusing the wastewater produced during the de-ashing step as a substitute for freshwater addition during the conversion of PMS into ethanol. The advantages of this approach include reducing the amount of wastewater produced and enhancing the overall efficiency of the process. It will contribute to the circular economy of zero waste discharges. The results showed that 30% of the process wastewater can be recycled without affecting the enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation. Hence, the amount of wastewater that needs to be treated is reduced by 30% resulting in a cost reduction of 22.5%. The results also showed that wastewater recycling minimized the energy demands in the distillation and evaporation units by 1206 kJ/kg. The energy reduction is due to the increase of metals and total soluble solids in the broth stream after fermentation. This process configuration enhanced the process economy, saved energy and managed waste streams.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Reuse of wastewater in the paper mill sludge conversion. </LI> <LI> A certain degree of recycling has no impact on the glucose yield. </LI> <LI> Wastewater recycling reduced the energy demand of the process by 1251 kJ/kg metric tons wastewater. </LI> <LI> Cost-saving of wastewater treatment by 22.5% when a 30% recycling degree achieved. </LI> </UL> </P>